diff --git a/ingestion/internal/vectorstore/pg.go b/ingestion/internal/vectorstore/pg.go
index 48488b2..394b162 100644
--- a/ingestion/internal/vectorstore/pg.go
+++ b/ingestion/internal/vectorstore/pg.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
 	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
@@ -120,21 +121,26 @@ func (s *PGStore) Search(ctx context.Context, query []float32, limit int) ([]Hit
 	return hits, nil
 }
 
-// KnownPaths returns the path set already present in the store. Used by
-// the watcher to diff against the wiki/ tree and decide what to upsert.
-func (s *PGStore) KnownPaths(ctx context.Context) (map[string]struct{}, error) {
-	rows, err := s.pool.Query(ctx, `SELECT path FROM brain_embeddings`)
+// KnownPathsWithTime returns every embedded chunk path paired with the
+// row's updated_at. Sync uses the timestamps to decide whether a file
+// has been edited since its chunks were last embedded — when the file's
+// mtime exceeds the oldest chunk's updated_at, the file is re-embedded.
+func (s *PGStore) KnownPathsWithTime(ctx context.Context) (map[string]time.Time, error) {
+	rows, err := s.pool.Query(ctx, `SELECT path, updated_at FROM brain_embeddings`)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("query paths: %w", err)
 	}
 	defer rows.Close()
-	out := make(map[string]struct{})
+	out := make(map[string]time.Time)
 	for rows.Next() {
-		var p string
-		if err := rows.Scan(&p); err != nil {
+		var (
+			p string
+			t time.Time
+		)
+		if err := rows.Scan(&p, &t); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		out[p] = struct{}{}
+		out[p] = t
 	}
 	return out, rows.Err()
 }
diff --git a/ingestion/internal/vectorstore/pg_test.go b/ingestion/internal/vectorstore/pg_test.go
index 34c256f..30e3bca 100644
--- a/ingestion/internal/vectorstore/pg_test.go
+++ b/ingestion/internal/vectorstore/pg_test.go
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func freshStore(t *testing.T) (*vectorstore.PGStore, context.Context) {
 	t.Cleanup(s.Close)
 	require.NoError(t, s.Init(ctx))
 	// Clean slate per test.
-	_, _ = s.KnownPaths(ctx)
+	_, _ = s.KnownPathsWithTime(ctx)
 	require.NoError(t, s.Delete(ctx, "%test-fixture%"))
 	return s, ctx
 }
@@ -67,15 +67,18 @@ func TestIntegration_UpsertAndSearch(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
-func TestIntegration_KnownPaths(t *testing.T) {
+func TestIntegration_KnownPathsWithTime(t *testing.T) {
 	s, ctx := freshStore(t)
+	before := time.Now()
 	require.NoError(t, s.Upsert(ctx, "wiki/k.md", vec(768, 0.5)))
 	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = s.Delete(ctx, "wiki/k.md") })
 
-	paths, err := s.KnownPaths(ctx)
+	paths, err := s.KnownPathsWithTime(ctx)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	_, ok := paths["wiki/k.md"]
-	assert.True(t, ok)
+	at, ok := paths["wiki/k.md"]
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	assert.False(t, at.IsZero(), "updated_at must not be zero")
+	assert.WithinDuration(t, before, at, 5*time.Second, "updated_at must be recent")
 }
 
 func TestUpsert_RejectsWrongDimension(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/ingestion/internal/vectorstore/sync.go b/ingestion/internal/vectorstore/sync.go
index d1591fa..1ecf05f 100644
--- a/ingestion/internal/vectorstore/sync.go
+++ b/ingestion/internal/vectorstore/sync.go
@@ -18,7 +18,11 @@ type Embedder interface {
 
 // Store is the subset of PGStore that Sync needs. Lets tests stub it.
 type Store interface {
-	KnownPaths(ctx context.Context) (map[string]struct{}, error)
+	// KnownPathsWithTime returns every embedded chunk path paired with the
+	// row's updated_at. Sync uses the timestamp to detect edits — a file
+	// whose mtime is newer than ANY of its chunks' updated_at is re-embedded
+	// from scratch (old chunks deleted, fresh chunks upserted).
+	KnownPathsWithTime(ctx context.Context) (map[string]time.Time, error)
 	Upsert(ctx context.Context, path string, embedding []float32) error
 	Delete(ctx context.Context, path string) error
 }
@@ -58,15 +62,31 @@ func Sync(ctx context.Context, brainDir string, store Store, embedder Embedder)
 		return res, nil
 	}
 
-	known, err := store.KnownPaths(ctx)
+	known, err := store.KnownPathsWithTime(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return res, fmt.Errorf("known paths: %w", err)
 	}
-	// Build a parent → "any chunk known?" set so we can skip files that
-	// already have at least one chunk row in the store.
-	knownParents := make(map[string]struct{}, len(known))
-	for p := range known {
-		knownParents[ParentPath(p)] = struct{}{}
+	// Group known chunks by parent path and remember the EARLIEST
+	// updated_at per parent. A file is considered stale if its mtime is
+	// after the oldest of its chunk rows — i.e. at least one chunk hasn't
+	// been refreshed since the last edit. Also keep the full chunk-path
+	// list per parent so we can delete every old chunk before re-embedding
+	// (handles "file shrunk → fewer chunks → orphan rows" cleanly).
+	type parentState struct {
+		minUpdatedAt time.Time
+		chunkPaths   []string
+	}
+	parents := make(map[string]*parentState, len(known))
+	for p, t := range known {
+		parent := ParentPath(p)
+		ps, ok := parents[parent]
+		if !ok {
+			ps = &parentState{minUpdatedAt: t}
+			parents[parent] = ps
+		} else if t.Before(ps.minUpdatedAt) {
+			ps.minUpdatedAt = t
+		}
+		ps.chunkPaths = append(ps.chunkPaths, p)
 	}
 	seenParents := make(map[string]struct{})
 
@@ -90,11 +110,26 @@ func Sync(ctx context.Context, brainDir string, store Store, embedder Embedder)
 			relSlash := filepath.ToSlash(rel)
 			seenParents[relSlash] = struct{}{}
 
-			if _, ok := knownParents[relSlash]; ok {
-				// File has at least one chunk in the store already.
-				// TODO: compare mtime once Store exposes updated_at so we
-				// re-embed on edit. For now, skip.
-				return nil
+			if ps, ok := parents[relSlash]; ok {
+				// File already has chunks in the store. Re-embed only when
+				// the file has been edited since the oldest chunk was
+				// written. Tolerate clock skew with a sub-second grace.
+				info, statErr := d.Info()
+				if statErr != nil {
+					res.Errors = append(res.Errors, fmt.Errorf("stat %s: %w", relSlash, statErr))
+					return nil
+				}
+				if !info.ModTime().After(ps.minUpdatedAt) {
+					return nil
+				}
+				// Stale: delete old chunks before re-embedding so a shrunk
+				// file doesn't leave orphan rows at higher #NNNN indexes.
+				for _, oldPath := range ps.chunkPaths {
+					if delErr := store.Delete(ctx, oldPath); delErr != nil {
+						res.Errors = append(res.Errors, fmt.Errorf("delete %s for re-embed: %w", oldPath, delErr))
+						return nil
+					}
+				}
 			}
 
 			content, readErr := os.ReadFile(path)
diff --git a/ingestion/internal/vectorstore/sync_test.go b/ingestion/internal/vectorstore/sync_test.go
index 54e67a6..0a800f4 100644
--- a/ingestion/internal/vectorstore/sync_test.go
+++ b/ingestion/internal/vectorstore/sync_test.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/mathiasbq/hyperguild/ingestion/internal/vectorstore"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
@@ -14,16 +15,27 @@ import (
 )
 
 type stubStore struct {
-	known    map[string]struct{}
+	// known maps chunk-path → updated_at. Tests that don't care about
+	// re-embed-on-mtime use a far-future time so the Sync skip path
+	// always wins. Tests that do exercise the mtime path set the
+	// updated_at explicitly.
+	known    map[string]time.Time
 	upserts  map[string][]float32
 	deletes  []string
 	failNext error
 }
 
-func (s *stubStore) KnownPaths(_ context.Context) (map[string]struct{}, error) {
-	out := make(map[string]struct{}, len(s.known))
-	for k := range s.known {
-		out[k] = struct{}{}
+// farFuture is "newer than any file mtime", used as the default
+// updated_at in stubs that don't care about re-embed behavior.
+var farFuture = time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour)
+
+func (s *stubStore) KnownPathsWithTime(_ context.Context) (map[string]time.Time, error) {
+	out := make(map[string]time.Time, len(s.known))
+	for k, t := range s.known {
+		if t.IsZero() {
+			t = farFuture
+		}
+		out[k] = t
 	}
 	return out, nil
 }
@@ -67,7 +79,7 @@ func TestSync_AddsNewFiles(t *testing.T) {
 	writeNote(t, dir, "wiki/jepa-fx/facts/x.md", "body of x")
 	writeNote(t, dir, "wiki/jepa-fx/facts/y.md", "body of y")
 
-	store := &stubStore{known: map[string]struct{}{}}
+	store := &stubStore{known: map[string]time.Time{}}
 	emb := stubEmbedder{vec: make([]float32, 768)}
 	res, err := vectorstore.Sync(context.Background(), dir, store, emb)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -81,7 +93,7 @@ func TestSync_SkipsAlreadyKnown(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	writeNote(t, dir, "wiki/a/facts/x.md", "x")
 
-	store := &stubStore{known: map[string]struct{}{"wiki/a/facts/x.md#0001": {}}}
+	store := &stubStore{known: map[string]time.Time{"wiki/a/facts/x.md#0001": {}}}
 	emb := stubEmbedder{vec: make([]float32, 768)}
 	res, err := vectorstore.Sync(context.Background(), dir, store, emb)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -93,7 +105,7 @@ func TestSync_DeletesDisappearedFiles(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(dir, "wiki"), 0o755))
 	// store has a path that doesn't exist on disk anymore
-	store := &stubStore{known: map[string]struct{}{"wiki/old/facts/ghost.md#0001": {}}}
+	store := &stubStore{known: map[string]time.Time{"wiki/old/facts/ghost.md#0001": {}}}
 	res, err := vectorstore.Sync(context.Background(), dir, &stubStoreWithDelete{stubStore: store}, stubEmbedder{vec: make([]float32, 768)})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, 1, res.Deleted)
@@ -111,7 +123,7 @@ func TestSync_SkipsIndexFiles(t *testing.T) {
 	writeNote(t, dir, "wiki/a/_index.md", "moc")
 	writeNote(t, dir, "wiki/a/facts/real.md", "body")
 
-	store := &stubStore{known: map[string]struct{}{}}
+	store := &stubStore{known: map[string]time.Time{}}
 	res, err := vectorstore.Sync(context.Background(), dir, store, stubEmbedder{vec: make([]float32, 768)})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, 1, res.Added)
@@ -123,7 +135,7 @@ func TestSync_ScansKnowledgeDir(t *testing.T) {
 	writeNote(t, dir, "wiki/a/facts/x.md", "x")
 	writeNote(t, dir, "knowledge/2026-05-19-koala-gpu-setup.md", "knowledge body")
 
-	store := &stubStore{known: map[string]struct{}{}}
+	store := &stubStore{known: map[string]time.Time{}}
 	emb := stubEmbedder{vec: make([]float32, 768)}
 	res, err := vectorstore.Sync(context.Background(), dir, store, emb)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -143,7 +155,7 @@ func TestSync_ChunksLongFiles(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	writeNote(t, dir, "knowledge/long.md", body)
 
-	store := &stubStore{known: map[string]struct{}{}}
+	store := &stubStore{known: map[string]time.Time{}}
 	emb := stubEmbedder{vec: make([]float32, 768)}
 	res, err := vectorstore.Sync(context.Background(), dir, store, emb)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -164,7 +176,7 @@ func TestSync_ShortFileGetsSingleChunkRow(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	writeNote(t, dir, "wiki/short.md", "tiny body\n")
 
-	store := &stubStore{known: map[string]struct{}{}}
+	store := &stubStore{known: map[string]time.Time{}}
 	emb := stubEmbedder{vec: make([]float32, 768)}
 	res, err := vectorstore.Sync(context.Background(), dir, store, emb)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -176,7 +188,7 @@ func TestSync_SkipsFileIfAnyChunkAlreadyKnown(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	writeNote(t, dir, "wiki/foo.md", "body\n")
 
-	store := &stubStore{known: map[string]struct{}{
+	store := &stubStore{known: map[string]time.Time{
 		"wiki/foo.md#0001": {},
 	}}
 	emb := stubEmbedder{vec: make([]float32, 768)}
@@ -189,7 +201,7 @@ func TestSync_SkipsFileIfAnyChunkAlreadyKnown(t *testing.T) {
 func TestSync_DeletesAllChunksOfDisappearedFile(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(dir, "wiki"), 0o755))
-	store := &stubStore{known: map[string]struct{}{
+	store := &stubStore{known: map[string]time.Time{
 		"wiki/ghost.md#0001": {},
 		"wiki/ghost.md#0002": {},
 		"wiki/ghost.md#0003": {},
@@ -199,6 +211,49 @@ func TestSync_DeletesAllChunksOfDisappearedFile(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, 3, res.Deleted)
 }
 
+func TestSync_ReembedsFileWhenMtimeNewer(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	writeNote(t, dir, "wiki/edited.md", "original body\n")
+	// Force the file's mtime ahead of any plausible store updated_at.
+	future := time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour)
+	require.NoError(t, os.Chtimes(filepath.Join(dir, "wiki/edited.md"), future, future))
+
+	store := &stubStore{
+		known: map[string]time.Time{
+			// Existing chunk row pre-dates the file's mtime.
+			"wiki/edited.md#0001": time.Now().Add(-1 * time.Hour),
+		},
+	}
+	emb := stubEmbedder{vec: make([]float32, 768)}
+	res, err := vectorstore.Sync(context.Background(), dir, store, emb)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, res.Added, "file with newer mtime should be re-embedded")
+	assert.Contains(t, store.upserts, "wiki/edited.md#0001")
+	// Old chunks of the same parent must be deleted before re-embed so
+	// shrunk files don't leave orphan rows at higher #NNNN indexes.
+	assert.Contains(t, store.deletes, "wiki/edited.md#0001")
+}
+
+func TestSync_SkipsFileWhenMtimeOlder(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	writeNote(t, dir, "wiki/stable.md", "body\n")
+	// Backdate mtime to before the store's recorded updated_at.
+	past := time.Now().Add(-2 * time.Hour)
+	require.NoError(t, os.Chtimes(filepath.Join(dir, "wiki/stable.md"), past, past))
+
+	store := &stubStore{
+		known: map[string]time.Time{
+			"wiki/stable.md#0001": time.Now(),
+		},
+	}
+	emb := stubEmbedder{vec: make([]float32, 768)}
+	res, err := vectorstore.Sync(context.Background(), dir, store, emb)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, res.Added)
+	assert.Empty(t, store.upserts)
+	assert.Empty(t, store.deletes)
+}
+
 func TestSync_NoOpWhenComponentsNil(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	writeNote(t, dir, "wiki/a/facts/x.md", "x")
@@ -210,7 +265,7 @@ func TestSync_NoOpWhenComponentsNil(t *testing.T) {
 func TestSync_CollectsEmbedderErrors(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	writeNote(t, dir, "wiki/a/facts/x.md", "x")
-	store := &stubStore{known: map[string]struct{}{}}
+	store := &stubStore{known: map[string]time.Time{}}
 	emb := stubEmbedder{err: errors.New("upstream down")}
 	res, err := vectorstore.Sync(context.Background(), dir, store, emb)
 	require.NoError(t, err)